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How battery works

battery

parts

ENR battery

A battery is basically a mini-power plant, converting a chemical reaction into electrical energy.

Dry cell (alkaline) batteries can differ in several ways, but they all have the same basic components.

Powering the device

Let’s look at how batteries work to generate and send power to your favorite devices. More technical details can be found on our Battery Chemistry page

Chemical Reacts

The chemical reaction starts when you insert a battery into a device – and complete the circuit.

Device Responds

The electrolyte oxides the anode’s powered zinc. The cathode’s manganese dioxide/carbon mix reacts with the oxidized zinc to produce electricity.

Voltage Drops

Interaction between the zinc and the electrolyte produces reaction products, which gradually slows the cell’s action and lowers its voltage.
battery devicerespond

Constructing the battery

It’s easier to understand how batteries work when you see how they’re put together.
battery container

Container

A steel casing that houses
the cathode components
battery cathode

Cathode

This is a mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon. Cathodes are the electrodes that are reduced by the electrochemical reaction

battery separator

Separator

The separator is a non-woven, fibrous fabric that keeps the electrodes apart

battery anode

Anode

A powdered zinc metal. Whilst the cathodes are reduced, the anodes are the electrodes that are oxidised in the reaction

Electrodes

These are where the electrochemical reaction takes place

battery electrolyte

Electrolyte

This is a potassium hydroxide solution in water and acts as the medium for the movement of ions within the cell. It also carries the ionic current inside the battery

battery collector

Collector

A simple brass pin in the middle of the cell that conducts electricity to the outer circuit